{"id":"W2018546748","doi":"10.1126/science.1247045","title":"Methane Leaks from North American Natural Gas Systems","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":946,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Greenhouse gas; Methane; Natural gas; Environmental science; Fossil fuel; Carbon dioxide; Global warming; Coal; Fugitive emissions; Leakage (economics); Combustion; Climate change; Environmental protection; Waste management; Natural resource economics; Environmental engineering; Chemistry; Geology; Oceanography; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003079482,0.0001473628,0.0001596405,0.000007934135,0.0002073816,0.00005828636,0.0006965991,0.00001709594,0.0001452113],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005006606,0.0001212644,0.00003533571,0.000677644,0.002373577,0.000343857,0.0003520223,0.0001383817,0.0007030779],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002659135,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001040068,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003820169,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004172389,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981614,0.00004203588,0.0001555537,0.0005225319,0.0006676394,0.0004507854],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992397,0.00004363532,0.0001039756,0.0004012601,0.000003527559,0.0002078912],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001208431,0.00005263335,0.8022393,0.000002043811,0.000005471466,0.000004868745,0.0003611755,0.08427597,0.01572626,0.00009366699,0.0001369115,0.09708964],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001134489,0.00007111446,0.8437399,0.000003327395,0.000007521392,0.000005322818,0.0002067172,0.1471324,0.0002922284,0.00008646058,0.008100948,0.0002405852],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9888577,0.00003082011,0.006574065,0.00008487824,0.0004263594,0.00009556873,0.000001891352,0.00005244983,0.003876272],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9892975,0.00001503854,0.009552198,0.0003043012,0.00005530667,0.00000680638,0.000002731079,0.00001064892,0.0007554331],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09684905,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9036879,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003615420275983091,"score_gpt":0.1900089926708783,"score_spread":0.1863935723948953,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}