{"id":"W2018546748","doi":"10.1126/science.1247045","title":"Methane Leaks from North American Natural Gas Systems","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":946,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Greenhouse gas; Methane; Natural gas; Environmental science; Fossil fuel; Carbon dioxide; Global warming; Coal; Fugitive emissions; Leakage (economics); Combustion; Climate change; Environmental protection; Waste management; Natural resource economics; Environmental engineering; Chemistry; Geology; Oceanography; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003994859,0.0002428843,0.000185091,0.001146114,0.0009719104,0.0009401978,0.0002170573,0.0003315712,0.001339904],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00191709,0.0001408754,0.0002556452,0.002800153,0.0003556067,0.001098187,0.000632179,0.0005254431,0.0001695654],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005640526,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005318304,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7405097,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8634538,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991411,0.00008013751,0.00003279775,0.00007772817,0.0005202251,0.0001479701],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984701,0.0001740021,0.0003248389,0.00008110662,0.0008695096,0.00008042489],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009014399,0.0001117256,0.8320448,0.000583406,0.0002482911,0.0005772545,0.002195274,0.005594179,0.005274362,0.002274914,0.02859342,0.1216009],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007281254,0.00005030696,0.9731645,0.00006649645,0.00007000173,0.0001092602,0.001909179,0.002694703,0.002700551,0.000425986,0.01877406,0.00002765773],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.978219,0.001633481,0.0005152588,0.001550086,0.00002992694,0.00001550438,0.005875964,0.00009936253,0.0120615],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924216,0.001395158,0.0002034371,0.0001666272,0.00001708457,0.00000839029,0.003262784,0.00001209185,0.002512976],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2594903,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.522037,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003615420275983091,"score_gpt":0.1900089926708783,"score_spread":0.1863935723948953,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}