{"id":"W2019129849","doi":"10.1177/0075424210367484","title":"The Stuff of Change: General Extenders in Toronto, Canada","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":98,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Grammaticalization; Linguistics; Variation (astronomy); Semantic change; British English; Varieties of English; Happening; Sociology; Australian English; Psychology; History; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001398722,0.00005796483,0.0001543863,0.00002667646,0.0001374931,0.00002396472,0.0002896551,0.00007814674,0.00008351931],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1187172,0.00004410875,0.00004129842,0.00007825538,0.0001272512,0.00002315091,0.00002031837,0.0002949956,1.513928e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002090219,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001328456,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5308835,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9728257,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988536,0.0001041295,0.0004172006,0.00005663192,0.0003710044,0.0001974392],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9948128,0.0004024575,0.00038459,0.0001052927,0.004189054,0.0001058024],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005822768,0.0001542706,0.01728181,0.00001105182,0.00005666228,0.00009540064,0.03953028,0.00002484018,0.00004128271,0.9101965,0.02928334,0.003266368],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003440568,0.00003262744,0.005436859,0.000008348624,0.00001563625,6.352788e-7,0.008005187,0.00002743046,0.00002287359,0.001155198,0.9848912,0.00005992437],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.211314,0.001625278,0.00008970617,0.001170375,0.2236554,0.0004152579,0.00003396758,0.00002278255,0.5616732],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.980602,0.0002332702,0.0008925839,0.0001872636,0.01782753,0.000001011835,5.388289e-7,0.000005849248,0.0002499764],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9556079,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8887062,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02968123472497652,"score_gpt":0.3237942655860482,"score_spread":0.2941130308610717,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}