{"id":"W2019923788","doi":"10.5194/npg-21-1185-2014","title":"Dependence of sandpile avalanche frequency–size distribution on coverage extent and compactness of embedded toppling threshold heterogeneity: implications for the variation of Gutenberg–Richter <i>b</i> value","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nonlinear processes in geophysics","topic":"earthquake and tectonic studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Toronto","keywords":"Scaling; Exponent; Self-organized criticality; Statistical physics; Induced seismicity; Criticality; Event (particle physics); Cellular automaton; Geology; Microscale chemistry; Fault (geology); Tectonics; Range (aeronautics); Physics; Geometry; Mathematics; Seismology; Materials science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005283109,0.0002249897,0.0004373811,0.00004096386,0.0001883253,0.00003223818,0.0002884049,0.0001070151,0.00003566257],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005920797,0.0001689092,0.00009349979,0.0004339479,0.0001767497,0.0001756883,0.00003792486,0.0001548545,0.000007481748],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001063555,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001068636,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002910697,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003027587,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998403,0.00006458141,0.0005537181,0.0003580701,0.0003329892,0.0002876125],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969882,0.001648728,0.0004554056,0.0004688859,0.0003859236,0.00005286803],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001059657,0.00180422,0.7506315,0.004198633,0.0008786309,8.460577e-7,0.00836151,0.09354101,0.02848976,0.01099108,0.0003100023,0.09973322],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001065346,0.0002772279,0.9745793,0.0003190282,0.000197336,0.000005505822,0.00004375436,0.004403325,0.003142675,0.01417211,0.001430051,0.0003643605],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9643779,0.001365628,0.03203772,0.0001225834,0.0001386519,0.0005079922,0.001092139,0.0000204894,0.0003368378],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9940732,0.0005801843,0.004552462,0.00005795182,0.0001382738,0.00002065408,0.000542151,0.000009359732,0.0000257247],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2239479,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6887916,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03042165198641465,"score_gpt":0.2746578631605238,"score_spread":0.2442362111741091,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}