{"id":"W2020912455","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361:20040168","title":"The signature of substructure on gravitational lensing in the $\\mathsf{\\Lambda}$CDM cosmological model","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":77,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Physics; Substructure; Astrophysics; Gravitational lens; Galaxy; Strong gravitational lensing; Saddle point; Cusp (singularity); Mass distribution; Geometry; Redshift","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003888193,0.000387739,0.0005020864,0.0005518726,0.000522988,0.0009981551,0.000685473,0.0007132931,0.001304446],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001934174,0.0002418673,0.0004394318,0.000350976,0.0008389042,0.0005417722,0.0005403483,0.0003467018,0.00009758941],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001110658,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005339017,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03698818,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01186308,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999062,0.00003794564,0.000004266259,0.00001597869,0.00001413383,0.00002145898],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992378,0.0002936911,0.0001952042,0.00007206853,0.00005874035,0.0001425302],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002575693,0.00007116869,0.02458206,0.00004052113,0.00008325448,0.0004065017,0.0001427519,0.9501327,0.005135029,0.01750554,0.000301285,0.001341525],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004847707,0.00004336233,0.004928417,0.000004383104,0.00001830318,0.00004786945,0.00003078286,0.9916712,0.0004016804,0.002676408,0.0001170672,0.00001203238],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.996632,0.00004386684,0.001656483,0.00009125873,0.000002370356,0.000005387452,0.0000938108,0.00002805516,0.001446671],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984458,0.00004123607,0.0009994511,0.00001506028,0.000003186739,0.000007067016,0.00006677814,0.000009070733,0.0004123397],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03698818,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07354581,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007526561682508949,"score_gpt":0.2028541304578984,"score_spread":0.1953275687753895,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}