{"id":"W2022082013","doi":"10.3386/w8701","title":"Network Effects, Congestion Externalities, and Air Traffic Delays: Or Why All Delays Are Not Evil","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Externality; Traffic congestion; Computer science; Computer network; Transport engineering; Economics; Microeconomics; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005597601,0.0003931708,0.001259033,0.001154887,0.0002544512,0.0001603193,0.0004927794,0.0008805367,0.002736509],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00124027,0.0004251515,0.0003001987,0.0003792219,0.0002663063,0.0003410109,0.0001631842,0.001103251,0.000327379],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001633417,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005332734,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00111989,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004784952,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9959062,0.000170312,0.001757303,0.001006165,0.0005350137,0.0006250335],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9953806,0.001625945,0.001551096,0.0004546959,0.000771236,0.0002164348],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002558654,0.0003732629,0.03060358,0.0009603993,0.002229437,0.00005356552,0.0001870339,0.04122947,0.000001019302,0.3522989,0.5658074,0.006000095],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00348308,0.0007699954,0.04535964,0.001221527,0.000250859,0.0002033111,0.000168714,0.03112072,0.00001764519,0.2076311,0.7076727,0.002100738],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.07561851,0.06838012,0.0004114638,0.01243505,0.004945498,0.003022916,0.005130682,0.0001997605,0.829856],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9563703,0.009312674,0.0001796948,0.0002972269,0.002301149,0.0002053791,0.0008862225,0.00008459105,0.03036278],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8807518,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998201,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4600669169553138,"score_gpt":0.4406727093403727,"score_spread":0.01939420761494109,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}