{"id":"W2022156482","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azm020","title":"Tracing the Criminal: The Rise of Scientific Criminology in Britain, 1860-1918","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The British Journal of Criminology","topic":"Historical and Scientific Studies","field":"Medicine","cited_by":103,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Criminology; Prison; Sociology; Fatalism; Criminal justice; Phrenology; Law; Criminal law; Positivism; Political science; Epistemology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00227434,0.0001495998,0.0005755198,0.0001973268,0.0009703346,0.0001016069,0.0006951987,0.0001112381,0.00007203208],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009079503,0.00008210156,0.0002614562,0.0002976408,0.003195298,0.00008318812,0.0001203915,0.000832384,0.00001268882],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009792114,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001701462,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001493172,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007011215,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973802,0.0004267148,0.0009808239,0.0002343861,0.0004919439,0.0004859431],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997859,0.0006482438,0.0004744357,0.0004000625,0.0005608393,0.00005743463],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001699832,0.002857873,0.01023494,0.0005747376,0.0005894568,0.006473178,0.02682332,0.0003536995,0.03543868,0.01772315,0.3976364,0.4995947],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006428999,0.001825594,0.6470791,0.001089715,0.002661094,0.0798531,0.01863054,0.0002973508,0.01068917,0.0520088,0.1788168,0.0006198592],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9657175,0.02098945,0.00009896322,0.008447536,0.001472429,0.0002042961,0.000005263771,0.00001041529,0.003054145],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962908,0.0002484652,0.0001130974,0.0003233636,0.000342548,0.00000638186,0.000001213263,0.0000136451,0.002660482],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6368441,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995174,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08017742740131195,"score_gpt":0.281912450630057,"score_spread":0.2017350232287451,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}