{"id":"W2023979196","doi":"10.1177/004839310003000303","title":"Ten Modes of Individualism—None of Which Works—And Their Alternatives","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy of the Social Sciences","topic":"Political Philosophy and Ethics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":76,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Individualism; Reductionism; Holism; Epistemology; Sociology; Virtue; Methodological individualism; Libertarianism; Politics; Supervenience; Metaphysics; Philosophy; Law; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001634287,0.0001138567,0.000299346,0.00006172985,0.0009226936,0.00002822213,0.0009357797,0.0001401496,0.00008192165],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003979505,0.00007407344,0.0001391958,0.0006846114,0.007927242,0.0003109818,0.0001084542,0.0001956148,0.000001283089],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001698482,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001951956,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00162948,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001745273,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980435,0.0004233408,0.0003200127,0.0001973043,0.0007225451,0.0002932326],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989286,0.0005053186,0.0002367096,0.0001212079,0.0001421805,0.00006599061],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001714152,0.00009100531,0.001411602,0.00003055951,0.00003196152,5.501757e-8,0.05401647,0.0000288779,0.0003006206,0.9403814,0.00001753139,0.003672786],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001284538,0.00005562184,0.004189858,0.0001037492,0.00001837917,1.528026e-7,0.003346822,0.00002687,0.002383796,0.9894926,0.0001567587,0.0000969224],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6605939,0.0003580813,0.000004132954,0.02855583,0.00009300453,0.0001408048,0.00005033092,0.00001324909,0.3101907],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990203,0.0002484717,0.00009086988,0.0001914351,0.0003694228,0.000002882599,3.341682e-7,0.000004287886,0.00007196986],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3384265,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9947726,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1011063172080465,"score_gpt":0.3646774222089,"score_spread":0.2635711050008535,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}