{"id":"W2024170093","doi":"10.1117/12.2025141","title":"Expanded horizons for generating and exploring optical angular momentum in vortex structures","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","topic":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; University of Toronto; University of East Anglia; King Saud University; Leverhulme Trust","keywords":"Physics; Angular momentum; Orbital angular momentum of light; Optical vortex; Angular momentum of light; Photon; Polarization (electrochemistry); Dipole; Optics; Vortex; Total angular momentum quantum number; Quantum mechanics; Angular momentum coupling","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003036498,0.0003044318,0.000384587,0.00009107173,0.00009021252,0.0001878115,0.0004497387,0.00009884215,0.00002326476],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001438157,0.0002611591,0.0003592505,0.0001783006,0.0001590843,0.0006952891,0.0001888697,0.0002483731,6.980522e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008376881,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002065394,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003095212,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.219906e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981653,1.563949e-8,0.0006178987,0.0003759224,0.0003933811,0.0004474506],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998776,0.0001187583,0.0002213698,0.00004965394,0.0007056657,0.0001286228],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001766564,0.00007604341,0.001633243,0.0001864478,0.0002121037,3.068301e-8,0.0002257508,0.00010242,0.4633644,0.5329856,0.0004758127,0.0007205771],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005607445,0.001183538,0.008210696,0.0006383326,0.000416344,0.00001199741,0.01795709,0.1843138,0.7034109,0.07468992,0.001847056,0.001712834],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972504,0.00007662099,0.0001887854,0.0007756586,0.0002052988,0.000838088,0.00003873477,0.00003455454,0.0005918159],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8692238,0.00001425456,0.1293371,0.00002479785,0.0005709723,0.0006597246,0.00001387336,0.00005495955,0.0001005262],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4582956,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999841,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01335934287941192,"score_gpt":0.2233074091532838,"score_spread":0.2099480662738718,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}