{"id":"W2025168251","doi":"10.1016/s0304-3975(01)00280-8","title":"Error-detecting properties of languages","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theoretical Computer Science","topic":"DNA and Biological Computing","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Saint Mary's University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Redundancy (engineering); Property (philosophy); Error detection and correction; Word (group theory); Extension (predicate logic); Algorithm; Error analysis; Theoretical computer science; Natural language processing; Mathematics; Programming language","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003728007,0.00007912711,0.00009327488,0.00002803476,0.0001143402,0.00002614851,0.0003982204,0.00004789148,0.00003443612],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000136408,0.00005203964,0.00003720461,0.0001574397,0.001429245,0.000003740438,0.0003410087,0.00006703843,0.000009984331],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003711177,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000078115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000012691,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.923193e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991794,0.00004473131,0.000131494,0.0002670944,0.0001480607,0.0002292514],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996139,0.00001451079,0.00003726323,0.0002077311,0.00006494339,0.00006162812],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001005152,0.00003908603,0.0002561215,0.000009517876,0.000003802825,0.00000150385,0.00008676625,0.00004331589,0.9523278,0.0200951,0.00001963094,0.02710731],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001365098,0.0005237599,0.0004748958,0.00002895351,0.000003696821,0.00002161041,0.00003918159,0.03181166,0.9659743,0.0006075916,0.0002150681,0.0001627683],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9808077,0.0002317306,0.01505381,0.00008067392,0.00007877409,0.0000530945,6.156021e-7,0.00001999591,0.003673589],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995734,0.000005177208,0.003942561,0.0001522273,0.0001398266,0.000001016219,4.714725e-7,0.000003696694,0.00002101013],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03176834,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5266113,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02254363945524149,"score_gpt":0.2496567692035984,"score_spread":0.2271131297483569,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}