{"id":"W2025277920","doi":"10.1007/s12103-013-9212-8","title":"Racial Residential Segregation and Social Control: A Panel Study of the Variation in Police Strength Across U.S Cities, 1980–2010","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Demographic economics; Police department; Criminology; Panel data; Control (management); Variation (astronomy); Inequality; Political science; Geography; Demography; Sociology; Economics; Econometrics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000960876,0.0003057917,0.0003499105,0.001074703,0.001092038,0.0008767646,0.000730018,0.0008004157,0.001371081],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001815317,0.0004919387,0.0005768635,0.002780449,0.0005080618,0.0007535226,0.001179524,0.001161808,0.0004606461],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001678504,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00112931,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2923156,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.5390887,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999508,0.0001351772,0.00004521512,0.0001102888,0.00006320672,0.0001382472],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985933,0.0001480922,0.0004391589,0.0001824778,0.0002930477,0.000343896],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007738607,0.0001005578,0.9960099,0.00000748275,0.0001559928,0.00003800978,0.0008775793,0.0001335585,0.0001087293,0.0000534495,0.001331257,0.001106164],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002926508,0.00001310086,0.9986683,0.000004449194,0.00002398591,0.00001394063,0.000784466,0.0000989444,0.00002110406,0.00000872748,0.0003569761,0.000003072464],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9976407,0.0001279145,0.00003780374,0.0001550125,0.000009926196,0.000007050659,0.001591693,0.000003078584,0.0004268567],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973698,0.0001237791,0.00003819829,0.00006482381,0.000008532692,0.00001348192,0.001933948,0.000003640187,0.0004438151],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2923156,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5812283,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04077815913070482,"score_gpt":0.3539423631954204,"score_spread":0.3131642040647156,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}