{"id":"W2027459141","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044001","title":"Persistent cold air outbreaks over North America in a warming climate","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Research Letters","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Biological and Environmental Research; Office of Science; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy; Battelle; University of Oxford; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Climatology; Environmental science; Arctic; Albedo (alchemy); Skewness; Coupled model intercomparison project; Climate change; Climate model; Atmospheric sciences; Snow; Snowpack; Global warming; Geography; Meteorology; Geology; Oceanography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000293698,0.0003046923,0.0002207867,0.0002439814,0.0003831133,0.0006759469,0.0002935449,0.0004250967,0.0006265031],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006124714,0.0001880538,0.0004467201,0.0003099644,0.0002179607,0.0005757303,0.0003399627,0.0003648192,0.00004932029],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001247254,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008613449,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1311121,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1570578,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999042,0.00002143558,0.000004046021,0.00003604755,0.00001491792,0.00001941479],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998456,0.00003193468,0.00003978286,0.00001892809,0.00003547179,0.00002819645],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001874865,0.0001808711,0.6384439,0.00007611861,0.0005013916,0.0005762625,0.0004185338,0.3356752,0.009476964,0.0009731384,0.002084191,0.01140609],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004032924,0.000103726,0.5979919,0.00001646543,0.0001369125,0.00008076621,0.0006815313,0.3965919,0.001269839,0.000554621,0.002497612,0.00003430502],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9982803,0.00006808218,0.0004073235,0.000135557,0.00001127709,0.00000518285,0.000287758,0.00005751483,0.0007470422],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998983,0.00006715654,0.0004006039,0.00003952367,0.000007660647,0.000006628864,0.0003644217,0.000006700443,0.0001243867],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1311121,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.260698,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04882745861335896,"score_gpt":0.2908733715562557,"score_spread":0.2420459129428967,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}