{"id":"W2030112111","doi":"10.1109/sp.2012.44","title":"The Quest to Replace Passwords: A Framework for Comparative Evaluation of Web Authentication Schemes","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"User Authentication and Security Systems","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":1052,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"Gates Cambridge Trust; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Password; Computer science; Computer security; Usability; Authentication (law); Login; Password policy; Cognitive password; Web application; World Wide Web; One-time password; Human–computer interaction","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00277341,0.00007955461,0.0001202399,0.00005426019,0.0001576034,0.0001041374,0.0005004139,0.00004495941,0.00001322728],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004868426,0.00005486153,0.00004985516,0.0003110215,0.00003044725,0.0003047531,0.00006975268,0.00004889218,0.00006850431],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004922403,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008444896,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006651881,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002273937,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986381,0.0002104804,0.000297854,0.0001825147,0.0004733611,0.0001976757],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979977,0.0005323055,0.0001555114,0.0006542206,0.0005728857,0.00008739907],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000729106,0.00007747106,0.0004929532,0.000009023421,0.0000216522,2.545892e-9,0.04347051,0.000002074237,0.0004838411,0.9507141,0.001894969,0.002826094],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005212034,0.0001073367,0.006699929,0.00007788673,0.00005804623,0.000001919682,0.002337737,0.8347374,0.01431519,0.05064419,0.09024306,0.000256057],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1058348,0.0003138532,0.8855074,0.004987118,0.0006485776,0.001329093,0.000003001017,0.00008430937,0.001291832],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9715458,0.000002580856,0.02760331,0.0001406466,0.00007166526,0.0002763254,0.000002540847,0.000003939401,0.000353253],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.90007,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2237188,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1164646803768894,"score_gpt":0.4021939952644784,"score_spread":0.285729314887589,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}