{"id":"W2031771150","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.2176","title":"PCN136 Expenditures on Orphan Drugs in Canada, Europe (EU5 + Belgium, Sweden and the Netherlands) and Australia in 2009","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Value in Health","topic":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Novartis (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Orphan drug; Per capita; Authorization; Agency (philosophy); Eu countries; European union; Medicine; Demography; Business; Environmental health; International trade; Population; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004118697,0.0002816227,0.000456045,0.001529489,0.0005450012,0.001148267,0.0005122892,0.0006564075,0.002674392],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002129056,0.000324801,0.001008573,0.003873674,0.0003130758,0.0005193235,0.0008831918,0.001305048,0.0003852737],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01585475,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01345389,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8936225,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.911275,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989489,0.0001003117,0.00009156314,0.0001122225,0.0004127344,0.0003343317],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984158,0.00009904664,0.0006533064,0.00002972439,0.0004577477,0.0003443038],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00246918,0.0002499513,0.8307618,0.0008435301,0.0009087516,0.001338915,0.000869448,0.004652921,0.001208225,0.01147114,0.08358251,0.06164357],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002478841,0.00005416621,0.9634061,0.00009081737,0.0001293973,0.000337525,0.0003209409,0.001107983,0.0004001353,0.0001447692,0.0339669,0.00001641229],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8652154,0.005470809,0.0002214315,0.003568526,0.0001130612,0.00004992342,0.1044914,0.00007267245,0.02079689],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9208145,0.007035689,0.0004484106,0.0007831152,0.00007038844,0.00004124763,0.04694962,0.00003024215,0.02382698],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1063775,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.214008,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09226563942851991,"score_gpt":0.3095126234444604,"score_spread":0.2172469840159405,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}