{"id":"W2032661152","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.02.001","title":"Capturing the will: Imposture, delusion, and exposure in Alfred Russel Wallace’s defence of spirit photography","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences","topic":"Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Spiritualism; Psyche; Delusion; Psychoanalysis; Philosophy; Value (mathematics); Skepticism; Art history; Epistemology; Art; Psychology; Medicine; Psychiatry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005045496,0.0003624608,0.0002853353,0.00103965,0.006554238,0.006770084,0.001105335,0.005467835,0.004294936],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01256085,0.0003384912,0.0003804688,0.0004390322,0.03908601,0.009343744,0.006021806,0.009959045,0.0006182009],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002547387,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001443905,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004925943,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006818053,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966292,0.002130334,0.00008499657,0.0004018999,0.0004312059,0.0003224603],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9954106,0.003353891,0.0002263748,0.000422576,0.0003682768,0.0002182082],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001452657,0.000006968249,0.0001340095,0.00001744286,0.000003262958,0.00009119744,0.023315,0.00005397594,0.0001018461,0.9598407,0.00995221,0.006468921],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001634483,0.00002862627,0.0004037763,0.000265511,0.0000096105,0.000503945,0.01827767,0.0003346318,0.0005576285,0.6247786,0.3547863,0.00003733043],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05160566,0.009969086,0.03702489,0.2269446,0.00346626,0.00007730344,0.00005863475,0.00009872064,0.6707548],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8929496,0.001996504,0.005740492,0.01726383,0.001186015,0.00008999032,0.0000163441,0.0001309264,0.08062625],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9934458,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02668339,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1485762813206508,"score_gpt":0.3029335702230985,"score_spread":0.1543572889024477,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}