{"id":"W2033576955","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0052028","title":"Are Scores on English and French Versions of the PHQ-9 Comparable? An Assessment of Differential Item Functioning","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS ONE","topic":"Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases","field":"Medicine","cited_by":115,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Jewish General Hospital","funders":"Actelion Pharmaceuticals; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Dalhousie University; Arthritis Society; Pfizer; McMaster University; McGill University; University of Ottawa","keywords":"Differential item functioning; Equivalence (formal languages); Item response theory; Psychometrics; Pooling; Psychology; Patient Health Questionnaire; Clinical psychology; French; Measurement invariance; Medicine; Linguistics; Statistics; Psychiatry; Confirmatory factor analysis; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Depressive symptoms; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01836359,0.0003771143,0.0006530157,0.002175148,0.0006640485,0.001413642,0.0007628269,0.0006147971,0.001916957],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07447199,0.000189652,0.0007999559,0.002233383,0.001674577,0.001459645,0.0009823678,0.0005414885,0.0003072494],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001768547,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001282849,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03871789,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03119338,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9889727,0.006190423,0.0008921242,0.001079203,0.002209453,0.0006561371],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9731982,0.01566788,0.004311746,0.002137294,0.004145695,0.0005392811],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004899516,0.00004177716,0.9445802,0.0001161255,0.000659776,0.0000803864,0.002366833,0.0002802151,0.0005998247,0.0007649749,0.0008701875,0.04914982],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002646227,0.0001139058,0.9961514,0.00006552386,0.0001127972,0.0001568547,0.0009980364,0.0004425373,0.0001756557,0.000718557,0.001019813,0.00001852336],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9890259,0.001382175,0.002941894,0.000823364,0.00005239798,0.00005890425,0.001197794,0.00001908797,0.004498541],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984171,0.0001508921,0.0006875806,0.0001258408,0.00001504631,0.00002554886,0.0004948429,0.000006152626,0.00007700033],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03871789,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09711707,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07559771653741292,"score_gpt":0.2815613859468319,"score_spread":0.205963669409419,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}