{"id":"W2033576955","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0052028","title":"Are Scores on English and French Versions of the PHQ-9 Comparable? An Assessment of Differential Item Functioning","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS ONE","topic":"Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases","field":"Medicine","cited_by":115,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Jewish General Hospital","funders":"Actelion Pharmaceuticals; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Dalhousie University; Arthritis Society; Pfizer; McMaster University; McGill University; University of Ottawa","keywords":"Differential item functioning; Equivalence (formal languages); Item response theory; Psychometrics; Pooling; Psychology; Patient Health Questionnaire; Clinical psychology; French; Measurement invariance; Medicine; Linguistics; Statistics; Psychiatry; Confirmatory factor analysis; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Depressive symptoms; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006670294,0.00006916827,0.0002387792,0.00004173495,0.00006583671,0.000005060368,0.0000436574,0.00005121755,0.0001453762],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001065178,0.00004233694,0.00004681347,0.0000767895,0.00005643838,0.00004625596,0.00002887287,0.000103105,9.117687e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002025637,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001886473,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002312137,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001763067,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992741,0.00005584754,0.000170075,0.00009110037,0.0003048273,0.0001040685],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999369,0.00009179946,0.000131316,0.0002067262,0.0001033863,0.00009774167],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003002715,0.002310443,0.9590777,0.0001801714,0.000229645,1.346116e-7,0.0003328476,0.00000412634,0.03746744,0.00003359108,0.0002779985,0.00005587981],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007044142,0.0001329655,0.9786469,0.003029548,0.0005514391,4.940021e-7,0.000756142,0.0004146353,0.01571499,0.000001554416,0.00000445332,0.00004241147],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979616,0.0006151642,0.000003936681,0.00003528021,0.0002202461,0.0001978673,0.00001802708,0.00001560003,0.000932211],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995599,0.0000570572,0.00004777726,0.00002733408,0.0001937427,0.000007335236,0.000009168113,0.000007112604,0.00009056112],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02175246,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.172645,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07559771653741292,"score_gpt":0.2815613859468319,"score_spread":0.205963669409419,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}