{"id":"W2034339688","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-2354.2007.00454.x","title":"A SIGNALING THEORY OF GRADE INFLATION*","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Economic Review","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":99,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Commit; Exaggeration; Grade inflation; Grading (engineering); Incentive; Value (mathematics); Economics; Inflation (cosmology); Psychology; Construct (python library); Mathematics education; Microeconomics; Computer science; Mathematics; Higher education; Engineering; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002681322,0.0005701371,0.000659279,0.0009772913,0.001123812,0.003151682,0.001241455,0.002589145,0.01317417],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01157215,0.0003935265,0.0008942143,0.001237405,0.002403914,0.003754918,0.001098349,0.002587152,0.001449213],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002375072,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001217105,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003875262,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002248739,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980336,0.0009246313,0.00008452286,0.0002267002,0.0003374335,0.0003931718],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9938981,0.003144297,0.001418308,0.0006018151,0.0005979463,0.0003395041],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006408255,0.00003598159,0.001519952,0.00003050231,0.00001899492,0.00008321815,0.0002199071,0.007596913,0.0002931895,0.978057,0.002567651,0.009512471],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005462338,0.00005027575,0.001247468,0.00002881455,0.00002571679,0.00008761459,0.0001135818,0.03725158,0.0002873183,0.9551451,0.005675821,0.00003198874],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.195538,0.001609031,0.5117991,0.03346794,0.0005665052,0.000223664,0.001181475,0.0005509425,0.2550633],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9693053,0.0008110531,0.008244411,0.0008642145,0.0003122126,0.00007092264,0.0001410541,0.00002913581,0.02022165],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01317417,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04407203,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05105440290319284,"score_gpt":0.367231006156228,"score_spread":0.3161766032530351,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}