{"id":"W2034341049","doi":"10.1080/00029890.2001.11919806","title":"Absolutely Abnormal Numbers","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Mathematical Monthly","topic":"Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics; Combinatorics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003221777,0.0002874491,0.0005331847,0.0000886644,0.000153222,0.00006369811,0.0002860142,0.0000907162,0.0008805745],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004035531,0.0002467731,0.0002117225,0.0004749558,0.0003721958,0.0002082877,0.00007695426,0.000273245,0.000861847],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007554743,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002850926,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001724407,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006990016,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980001,0.00006506842,0.0005525078,0.0003347841,0.000453716,0.0005938648],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983159,0.0005354736,0.0002389039,0.0005760224,0.00007206994,0.0002616297],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001911598,0.0008708356,0.00106577,0.0001609111,0.000199556,0.0001660132,0.001214706,0.00002176463,0.0002842727,0.9570086,0.01366458,0.02515183],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005384689,0.0003664706,0.00136009,0.00006227665,0.0001102853,0.0001655082,0.0008155794,0.003399923,0.0002941053,0.9721463,0.02016301,0.0005780077],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.281676,0.0000250088,0.0388002,0.0005452638,0.0001696335,0.0003933332,0.0000103014,0.0005882773,0.677792],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9496635,0.0000119821,0.04665609,0.0004005405,0.0002074995,0.00006683118,0.000003681809,0.00007264295,0.002917235],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6748748,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999985,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0306457359574851,"score_gpt":0.2951081940882355,"score_spread":0.2644624581307504,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}