{"id":"W2034341049","doi":"10.1080/00029890.2001.11919806","title":"Absolutely Abnormal Numbers","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Mathematical Monthly","topic":"Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics; Combinatorics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001778117,0.0007187606,0.0007476438,0.003667343,0.001382747,0.004060384,0.00106637,0.001158906,0.004718871],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01997447,0.0003656066,0.0004005353,0.002867474,0.005580036,0.006399978,0.001948777,0.002001144,0.001945673],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001880347,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008259565,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006604622,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003622478,"domain_scores_codex":[0.995797,0.0006652059,0.000352908,0.000927192,0.001837358,0.0004203326],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9909859,0.003282842,0.001364622,0.00181708,0.001792546,0.0007571268],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000543606,0.00001364262,0.001679104,0.00003254271,0.000004561856,0.0001580365,0.0001997829,0.0006957002,0.0006752263,0.9699869,0.004221867,0.02227823],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001013894,0.00002810873,0.0007540432,0.00002572533,0.000007537793,0.0007442632,0.0000603526,0.004845543,0.0009619361,0.9658089,0.02673057,0.00002297618],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3707589,0.004515146,0.3455781,0.005971591,0.002316166,0.0001574082,0.002646766,0.002479472,0.2655765],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.921441,0.001581015,0.04297664,0.0008275104,0.001705262,0.0002089889,0.001186862,0.0002252492,0.02984757],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004718871,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01578617,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0306457359574851,"score_gpt":0.2951081940882355,"score_spread":0.2644624581307504,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}