{"id":"W2037083046","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.016","title":"Using oxygen isotope ratios to quantitatively assess trapping mechanisms during CO2 injection into geological reservoirs: The Pembina case study","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Chemical Geology","topic":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":52,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Resources Canada; Western Economic Diversification Canada; Government of Alberta; University of Calgary; University of Pennsylvania","keywords":"δ18O; Saturation (graph theory); Isotopes of oxygen; Geology; Carbon dioxide; Stable isotope ratio; Meteoric water; Characterisation of pore space in soil; Oxygen; Oxygen-18; Isotope; Mineralogy; Groundwater; Chemistry; Geochemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003711196,0.0001805966,0.0001975926,0.00005294473,0.0004432524,0.00002732335,0.0002879386,0.0001399361,0.003416729],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002806592,0.0001352275,0.00006073291,0.000327375,0.0002483928,0.0002008438,0.0004056604,0.0003379326,0.0002220916],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001539865,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001670375,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005240333,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002180781,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984498,0.0002204843,0.0003459111,0.0004798303,0.000164912,0.0003390638],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993244,0.0001337144,0.0001037684,0.0002810002,0.00004102079,0.0001160732],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003711667,0.001240566,0.04748585,0.00001423062,0.00009955808,0.001749235,0.03570163,0.003510533,0.9048043,0.004316076,0.0003651805,0.0003416548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004936688,0.006452675,0.236316,0.00006407218,0.0003816576,0.03113199,0.2053539,0.02635985,0.4124123,0.07205757,0.0014752,0.003058071],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9858824,0.000003570752,0.009914441,0.000579791,0.0001898176,0.0006086559,6.966748e-7,0.00007339715,0.002747214],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9948742,8.275905e-7,0.004359667,0.0003511965,0.00003948056,0.0001066881,0.000002444008,0.000009221615,0.000256279],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.492392,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9974943,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1238252059006034,"score_gpt":0.3326659345637198,"score_spread":0.2088407286631164,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}