{"id":"W2037249772","doi":"10.3386/w15892","title":"Increasing Time to Baccalaureate Degree in the United States","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Education and Critical Thinking Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":89,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"U.S. Air Force Academy; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; U.S. Air Force; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University; Skidmore College; Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research; Pepperdine University; University of Denver; Fordham University; Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Lehigh University; Tulane University; Auburn University; Michigan State University; Furman University; Brandeis University; Kenyon College; University of Michigan; Yeshiva University; York University; University of Miami; University of Missouri; Bard College; University of Pittsburgh; Andrew W. Mellon Foundation; Syracuse University; Rhodes College; George Washington University; State University of New York; National Science Foundation; University of Minnesota; U.S. Naval Academy; Reed College; Brigham Young University; Barnard College; University of Connecticut; Clemson University; Bucknell University; Boston College; Marquette University; Baylor University; Pitzer College; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Iowa State University; North Carolina State University","keywords":"Degree (music); Baccalaureate Degree; Political science; Higher education; Physics; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003937792,0.0001236627,0.0001574495,0.001790745,0.000374277,0.0005741694,0.0002817199,0.0003329536,0.00429758],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001767886,0.0001190965,0.0002094293,0.002415019,0.0001823483,0.0003491819,0.0007236079,0.0005186289,0.0005821757],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000690951,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009560575,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1220122,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2467886,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996064,0.00006723691,0.00004674817,0.00006629868,0.0001070841,0.0001061746],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997104,0.0002872252,0.00113891,0.00008718103,0.000634683,0.0007479305],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003795178,0.00006638993,0.9864357,0.00002598789,0.00002292113,0.00006178527,0.0001909835,0.00008970546,0.0001267832,0.0001276982,0.005570146,0.007243892],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002592816,0.00001562705,0.9977006,0.00001433964,0.000004889931,0.00003774153,0.0002536754,0.00004569622,0.00004071219,0.00002007238,0.001861568,0.000002417734],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9678354,0.001256116,0.0001153983,0.00185268,0.00009397737,0.0000286989,0.01533043,0.00003585416,0.01345138],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.984467,0.001091247,0.0001257299,0.0005884154,0.00004993205,0.00002786605,0.01067345,0.000008873866,0.002967657],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1220122,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.242604,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.43438678741955,"score_gpt":0.5588469673735672,"score_spread":0.1244601799540172,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}