{"id":"W2038597493","doi":"10.1109/cns.2014.6997519","title":"Application-layer DDoS in dynamic Web-domains: Building defenses against next-generation attack behavior","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Denial-of-service attack; Application layer DDoS attack; Computer science; Trinoo; Layer (electronics); Computer network; Computer security; World Wide Web; The Internet; Materials science; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003614634,0.0001425544,0.0001375886,0.000174978,0.0001847879,0.0002189854,0.0004284711,0.0001062055,0.0000202665],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002866711,0.0001396863,0.00005214332,0.0005062713,0.00002658071,0.0007361502,0.0001325756,0.0001574855,0.0001037163],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009361829,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002737855,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004581983,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007277111,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986606,0.00009906766,0.0003079642,0.00045482,0.000223163,0.0002544284],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992378,0.00005538882,0.00009079206,0.0004858069,0.00005996358,0.00007023646],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006002828,0.0002051685,0.001336747,0.00001211768,0.000006212308,0.000003574311,0.0002551737,0.006065839,0.4477045,0.04905042,0.0008605068,0.4944938],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000278074,0.00004480375,0.001396887,0.00001068541,0.000003488805,0.000006509174,0.000009550879,0.9845064,0.005235245,0.0004871419,0.007830741,0.0001904404],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5568992,0.00003491385,0.4415768,0.0002044787,0.0002504114,0.0002089797,3.457065e-7,0.0001436846,0.000681178],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9767776,0.00006011032,0.02208254,0.0007159035,0.0001218072,0.0001335712,0.00000780081,0.00001074474,0.00008999382],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9784406,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5696242,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03082686220731528,"score_gpt":0.2743471851817907,"score_spread":0.2435203229744754,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}