{"id":"W2040060274","doi":"10.2118/166447-ms","title":"Modeling Low Salinity Waterflooding: Ion Exchange, Geochemistry and Wettability Alteration","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":128,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Wetting; Petroleum engineering; Enhanced oil recovery; Dissolution; Salinity; Ion exchange; Geology; Environmental science; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Ion; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002108489,0.0005046312,0.0004863036,0.0002865496,0.0002419699,0.0006512204,0.000785858,0.001034478,0.0007862734],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004821076,0.0002325542,0.0006185053,0.0002731211,0.0004050022,0.0007457248,0.0005686447,0.0004812064,0.0001067369],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006573638,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008161052,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0186741,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008739294,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999935,0.00001419581,0.000004941054,0.0000175162,0.00001413921,0.00001413575],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998332,0.00008310785,0.00002391703,0.00001415908,0.00002976131,0.000015765],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004175212,0.00006871713,0.004093211,0.0000362656,0.00001596835,0.00006342768,0.00001959992,0.9827827,0.009344218,0.0007601872,0.00007455666,0.00269946],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007266965,0.00002198566,0.0004640395,0.000001088554,0.000003892501,0.000005053959,0.000005662223,0.998019,0.001209883,0.0001592866,0.00009955397,0.000003261712],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9545741,0.0001840316,0.04099589,0.0001869657,0.00002082961,0.00007437988,0.000397068,0.0001969447,0.003369734],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9936931,0.0001182014,0.004975098,0.00001833584,0.000004914117,0.00004542313,0.000136975,0.00001634586,0.0009916774],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0186741,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03713083,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01509360424718421,"score_gpt":0.2363225631201167,"score_spread":0.2212289588729325,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}