{"id":"W2040060274","doi":"10.2118/166447-ms","title":"Modeling Low Salinity Waterflooding: Ion Exchange, Geochemistry and Wettability Alteration","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":128,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Wetting; Petroleum engineering; Enhanced oil recovery; Dissolution; Salinity; Ion exchange; Geology; Environmental science; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Ion; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001693758,0.000168975,0.0001740627,0.00004606943,0.00006840091,0.0001025962,0.00006127109,0.0002127194,0.0001155279],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004592717,0.0001640682,0.00002846547,0.00006459399,0.00006602602,0.0006227597,0.00005984959,0.000249501,0.00001249144],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004143063,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008655796,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007110336,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003079237,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991289,0.00002055965,0.0002452987,0.0002722653,0.0001167936,0.0002161666],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995615,0.00002615448,0.00002122897,0.0001690086,0.0001265978,0.00009548436],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001975935,0.0000596767,0.0002807535,0.0005391661,0.00001090711,0.000002338656,0.0002935371,0.0005557031,0.954484,0.0004954696,0.001347526,0.04191118],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003431616,0.0001762853,0.001579012,0.0003520547,0.00001974,0.00002418235,0.0001976372,0.300625,0.6501963,0.04578428,0.0001149712,0.0005873856],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9372227,0.0001097105,0.05945753,0.0001575801,0.00004319099,0.0002366892,0.00002195733,0.0006182067,0.002132407],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970686,0.0006450995,0.001985248,0.00004332902,0.00008177759,0.00007974418,0.00006021133,0.00001553331,0.00002047523],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3042877,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6690508,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01509360424718421,"score_gpt":0.2363225631201167,"score_spread":0.2212289588729325,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}