{"id":"W2040442527","doi":"10.1126/science.1165919","title":"Why Peer Discussion Improves Student Performance on In-Class Concept Questions","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Innovative Teaching Methods","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":950,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","keywords":"Class (philosophy); Mathematics education; Peer instruction; Outcome (game theory); Psychology; Peer group; Peer feedback; Social psychology; Computer science; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005275208,0.00009131612,0.0001030119,0.0002106185,0.001066479,0.000150589,0.0006746494,0.00004226473,0.00003103488],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00125994,0.00006022014,0.0000208518,0.001654611,0.001161626,0.0006816128,0.00005298196,0.000276217,0.00002291806],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003614482,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002999536,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001539955,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001272986,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976315,0.0002619295,0.0001681213,0.0003349764,0.001165388,0.0004380574],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999338,0.00007476118,0.00007039873,0.0002158707,0.0002120685,0.00008893821],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002342906,0.0005183511,0.02306904,0.000004189897,0.000002305609,0.000006380589,0.1231511,0.0003028758,0.07461102,0.4637922,0.002536633,0.3119825],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000216699,0.0003077214,0.9352943,0.00008305164,0.000002077716,5.066717e-7,0.00548034,0.0003182314,0.004076964,0.00426768,0.04970905,0.0002433511],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8917503,0.00001502646,0.0007433523,0.03357956,0.0008387472,0.0002742957,0.000001157179,0.0000914389,0.07270612],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924656,0.000005421948,0.002633836,0.001899227,0.000111063,0.00000612052,3.814471e-7,0.000003017432,0.002875333],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9122253,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8202601,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03185660731990432,"score_gpt":0.4229076388682416,"score_spread":0.3910510315483373,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}