{"id":"W2041672261","doi":"10.1007/s11127-014-0176-0","title":"Explaining variation in the competitiveness of U.S. Senate elections, 1922–2004","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Legislature; Ideology; Delegation; Political science; Political economy; Diversity (politics); State (computer science); Politics; Variation (astronomy); Distribution (mathematics); Public administration; Economics; Economic system; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003451279,0.0002527719,0.0004579031,0.00166799,0.001006871,0.001852458,0.0005835471,0.0006734517,0.004307508],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009459602,0.0002433101,0.0005786651,0.003443418,0.0007337931,0.0004732725,0.001132111,0.00140015,0.000575215],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001796201,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001355125,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1827934,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3013412,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982098,0.0007254578,0.00008702729,0.0003099455,0.0001148459,0.0005529604],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9930791,0.003182117,0.001740882,0.000441529,0.0008559288,0.0007005048],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001206569,0.00006757276,0.9863901,0.00001775685,0.0002725367,0.000067834,0.0006775968,0.002261156,0.0001530959,0.001927948,0.00247777,0.005565978],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001220125,0.00002414695,0.993376,0.00001039215,0.00005283291,0.00001797573,0.00124519,0.002833182,0.00009134595,0.0004194307,0.001909322,0.000008006238],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9956333,0.0001895955,0.0001768754,0.0005392723,0.00001791443,0.000006249689,0.0009160825,0.000007913869,0.002512743],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988303,0.00003204187,0.00003335473,0.00002071074,0.00001466325,0.000003277896,0.0005615304,0.000003500982,0.0005006721],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1827934,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3634588,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04776346608582248,"score_gpt":0.3376251230993602,"score_spread":0.2898616570135377,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}