{"id":"W2047762204","doi":"10.1007/s11229-011-9979-4","title":"Physico-mathematics and the search for causes in Descartes’ optics—1619–1637","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Synthese","topic":"Historical Philosophy and Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Campion College","funders":"","keywords":"Causation; Philosophy of science; Epistemology; Philosophy of mathematics; Natural (archaeology); Mathematical practice; Natural philosophy; Philosophy of language; Metaphysics; Philosophy; Ptolemy's table of chords; Natural law; Natural science; Realm; Mathematics; History; Classics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003664076,0.00007268485,0.000135099,0.00003592956,0.0002188776,0.00005038269,0.0001617255,0.00001755388,0.0001071778],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001155747,0.00004241499,0.00004303883,0.00003021658,0.0006620067,0.000118612,0.00003098711,0.00007186466,0.0000283352],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001431165,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001371482,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000159872,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001901001,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999459,0.00002655498,0.0001242772,0.0001199575,0.0001073037,0.000162925],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992668,0.0004737874,0.00002589063,0.0001556609,0.00004121379,0.00003663352],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002017538,0.000064465,0.0000113525,0.00002524011,0.000004938647,9.337865e-7,0.09401315,5.819276e-7,0.00003894663,0.9051899,0.00007827221,0.0005520629],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001450595,0.0002568517,0.0001390053,0.0001619731,0.00007034089,0.000005396519,0.03031082,0.005623318,0.002626166,0.9383091,0.02053048,0.0005159576],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3427286,0.0004507392,0.0007229549,0.001624972,0.0006071451,0.001062063,0.00004580914,0.00008083448,0.6526769],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981893,0.000009364872,0.0004529108,0.00008531862,0.000158376,0.00003918498,2.752322e-7,0.000007690865,0.00105756],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6554607,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2439191,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1486675590122452,"score_gpt":0.252053770884326,"score_spread":0.1033862118720808,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}