{"id":"W2048450092","doi":"10.3138/cmlr.2161","title":"What Predicts the Effectiveness of Foreign-Language Pronunciation Instruction? Investigating the Role of Perception and Other Individual Differences","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Pronunciation; Perception; Psychology; Context (archaeology); Test (biology); Task (project management); Foreign language; Curriculum; Linguistics; Second language; Cognitive psychology; Computer science; Mathematics education; Pedagogy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001524227,0.000308837,0.0002976674,0.0004269555,0.0001579698,0.0009874706,0.0002670825,0.0007261491,0.002191873],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007802677,0.0001394508,0.0002986513,0.0003516888,0.0003415504,0.0003609076,0.0002230443,0.0004820654,0.0004866502],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002758563,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003873288,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006325831,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005013316,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994808,0.0001831058,0.00003398765,0.0001373615,0.0001139177,0.00005094041],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9924077,0.004651655,0.001288874,0.0003710569,0.0004693814,0.0008112012],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001459124,0.0001417512,0.9917979,0.00001625038,0.00007320321,0.00003286639,0.0002461472,0.0002367994,0.0007315465,0.00003214318,0.00008276797,0.006462596],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004099498,0.0001371826,0.9980146,0.000006173315,0.00002262587,0.00005408395,0.0001986603,0.001138819,0.0002365283,0.00008495391,0.00009725813,0.000005035107],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984468,0.0002201134,0.0002659837,0.0000722185,0.000008214325,0.000006587321,0.00006054689,0.000005496575,0.0009141501],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994289,0.00009863344,0.0001570876,0.00001428789,0.000004378951,0.000004345785,0.00006117659,0.000002470498,0.0002286374],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006325831,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01257807,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01851524568847787,"score_gpt":0.2673867321215752,"score_spread":0.2488714864330973,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}