{"id":"W2051211041","doi":"10.1155/2014/891237","title":"An Empirical Estimation of the Underground Economy in Ghana","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economics Research International","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Currency; Estimation; Economics; Economy; Econometrics; Macroeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004509025,0.000168391,0.0002423507,0.0008414685,0.0001559516,0.0004856071,0.0002084835,0.000269995,0.002838517],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003356572,0.0001844939,0.0002178637,0.001470268,0.0002588595,0.0009779525,0.0004713565,0.0004520688,0.0002857042],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007396311,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000419329,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01279583,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009559377,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998536,0.00006058584,0.00001296042,0.00002650803,0.00001971312,0.00002666992],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981087,0.0008298841,0.0008075436,0.00006155235,0.0001196983,0.00007259407],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002024518,0.00008616938,0.8528482,0.0002939297,0.00009656976,0.001261893,0.001279895,0.06837349,0.001601102,0.01893043,0.004155368,0.05087053],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004987019,0.0001598942,0.8018239,0.0003359835,0.00007038649,0.0008576335,0.00455706,0.1591384,0.001924025,0.01348701,0.01755776,0.00003799283],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9833159,0.000545344,0.009971351,0.0004083473,0.000007503274,0.0000290575,0.002227152,0.00003482184,0.00346051],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951867,0.0003811071,0.002417393,0.00001599889,0.000007267991,0.00002203915,0.001391559,0.000007556182,0.000570456],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01279583,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02544272,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1421886072028924,"score_gpt":0.3816816681926314,"score_spread":0.239493060989739,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}