{"id":"W2051981673","doi":"10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2008.09.012","title":"The capital structure of multinational corporations: Canadian versus U.S. evidence","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Corporate Finance","topic":"Corporate Finance and Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":116,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Regina; University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Leverage (statistics); Multinational corporation; Capital structure; Business; Debt; Monetary economics; Agency cost; Financial system; Finance; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003391119,0.0001716211,0.0002670851,0.0001770525,0.0004367287,0.00007278075,0.0005275434,0.00007272772,0.00003904858],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007562295,0.0001288897,0.0001181812,0.0007398387,0.0002505094,0.001784656,0.0000377995,0.0002647171,0.00003316143],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009657916,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008840468,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003984974,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02253771,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983417,0.0000148098,0.0007240701,0.0001479122,0.0005151946,0.0002563189],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9943101,0.000188703,0.003701278,0.0002385223,0.001537394,0.00002394004],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002927,0.0002212914,0.6404669,0.0002132932,0.0001997196,0.001040942,0.0003953381,0.01600872,0.006390697,0.1944157,0.1251687,0.01255177],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001666543,0.0001301131,0.8832967,0.0002999121,0.00005145629,0.0001100731,0.00006705611,0.0009388248,0.0006953432,0.009387915,0.1030317,0.0003242975],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9947937,0.001501286,0.0002150588,0.001516001,0.001479579,0.0001346353,0.00002653406,0.000007144066,0.0003260334],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973842,0.0008595638,0.0004186535,0.0002325199,0.0007806559,0.000002007183,0.000005445368,0.00001552965,0.0003014639],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2428299,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9952984,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04870986893435816,"score_gpt":0.2247152542791479,"score_spread":0.1760053853447897,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}