{"id":"W2052379270","doi":"10.1029/2009wr007745","title":"Comparison of aquifer characterization approaches through steady state groundwater model validation: A controlled laboratory sandbox study","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Resources Research","topic":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":115,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Aquifer; Hydraulic conductivity; Aquifer properties; Permeameter; Groundwater flow; Groundwater; Soil science; Geology; Kriging; Groundwater model; Flow (mathematics); Environmental science; Hydrology (agriculture); Geotechnical engineering; Mechanics; Statistics; Mathematics; Groundwater recharge; Physics; Soil water","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001930995,0.0002215038,0.0004969693,0.0001371039,0.0004712743,0.0002054739,0.0004671471,0.00009014928,0.0006022309],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003646082,0.0001429336,0.00006800362,0.0003150042,0.0004838594,0.0005327269,0.0005701262,0.0004706204,0.0002818868],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000680029,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001127384,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002488163,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001743436,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963965,0.0005769879,0.0006012475,0.0005143808,0.001353453,0.0005574111],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990771,0.00008601511,0.0001094968,0.0004894983,0.0001483653,0.00008953915],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008238107,0.002120853,0.2898376,0.00004148784,0.0001524512,0.000005843565,0.1821446,0.001476074,0.5201039,0.00004844867,0.0001956638,0.003049257],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02054042,0.002540385,0.1957183,0.00005115908,0.0001875425,0.000005241201,0.03244226,0.1157277,0.5556515,0.001026056,0.07445443,0.001654989],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9938112,0.00001151736,0.003186204,0.0002454307,0.00008097647,0.001259262,0.00001518571,0.00004349756,0.001346688],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992479,0.00000293413,0.0001385978,0.00002526965,0.00005611841,0.0003358052,0.00005392636,0.00002949837,0.006878826],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1497024,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6594006,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1015847415387322,"score_gpt":0.3433708859575212,"score_spread":0.241786144418789,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}