{"id":"W2057990887","doi":"10.5539/hes.v4n2p77","title":"Do Active-Learning Strategies Improve Students’ Critical Thinking?","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Higher Education Studies","topic":"Innovative Teaching Methods","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Texas at Arlington","keywords":"Critical thinking; Active learning (machine learning); Mathematics education; Psychology; Teaching method; Service-learning; Tracking (education); Field (mathematics); Cooperative learning; Pedagogy; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00290779,0.0001489856,0.0002360271,0.0001070042,0.001699124,0.0003367128,0.0003237463,0.00007904969,0.0002099],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001424408,0.0001351115,0.00004600489,0.0003459681,0.0005642215,0.0004557913,0.000118485,0.0003688979,0.0000685726],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002214941,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002868879,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002085636,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003214206,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997084,0.001421977,0.0002185962,0.0003112312,0.000639672,0.0003245266],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974908,0.00128701,0.0001176321,0.0001675072,0.0008759377,0.00006111719],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006278711,0.0001284042,0.0170553,0.00002199396,0.00006206412,1.551496e-7,0.04873707,0.000001326534,0.0001621812,0.9263742,0.002598292,0.004852727],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001603399,0.00007747783,0.1367114,0.00006431147,0.00004253742,2.415686e-7,0.2609746,5.721542e-7,0.0001023853,0.1461279,0.4554553,0.0002828783],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7174386,0.0009553469,0.001755822,0.008702088,0.009303901,0.0002781459,0.000001097982,0.0003840687,0.2611809],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9776209,0.00004017167,0.006948568,0.0006241224,0.001508121,0.00008020892,0.000001474696,0.00001670338,0.01315973],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7802463,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996005,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08304008062292274,"score_gpt":0.5130303849358374,"score_spread":0.4299903043129147,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}