{"id":"W2058292439","doi":"10.1016/j.asieco.2005.09.001","title":"The limited role of the personal income tax in developing countries","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Asian Economics","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":159,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Distributive property; Developing country; Economics; Personal income; Personal income tax; International taxation; State income tax; Double taxation; Tax reform; Public economics; Gross income; International economics; Macroeconomics; Economic growth","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004644109,0.0001884126,0.0005538582,0.0009762467,0.0009273054,0.002636065,0.0005678188,0.0006395385,0.004963585],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01937587,0.0002372592,0.0002540874,0.002233352,0.001824784,0.003048782,0.001136272,0.001478747,0.0002798238],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001790251,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00289864,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01733193,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01766592,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982892,0.001008177,0.0001113139,0.0001076523,0.0002056263,0.0002780962],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9795275,0.01142048,0.004807131,0.001403674,0.002069199,0.0007720982],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001402995,0.000247695,0.2764671,0.0005735673,0.0001959541,0.0008845001,0.004583288,0.01274925,0.0007715913,0.5864206,0.008157152,0.1075463],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002703918,0.0005968409,0.5560812,0.002374333,0.0005221087,0.001756364,0.01437912,0.02468446,0.003108244,0.3393623,0.05677883,0.0000858849],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9262348,0.008129885,0.002959649,0.01261641,0.00006093228,0.00002340243,0.0004455766,0.00002634804,0.0495029],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972242,0.001369594,0.0001665433,0.0001842064,0.00003096975,0.000004819486,0.00003981183,0.000004736014,0.000975096],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01733193,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03446209,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01801251339070782,"score_gpt":0.2083482381135737,"score_spread":0.1903357247228659,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}