{"id":"W2059132779","doi":"10.2118/98096-pa","title":"Low Sulfate Seawater Injection for Barium Sulfate Scale Control: A Life-of-Field Solution to a Complex Challenge","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SPE Production & Operations","topic":"Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Nalco (Canada)","funders":"University of Edinburgh; BP Exploration Operating Company Limited; Heriot-Watt University","keywords":"Brine; Seawater; Petroleum engineering; Subsea; Sulfate; Water injection (oil production); Supersaturation; Injection well; Environmental science; Scale (ratio); Produced water; Environmental engineering; Engineering; Geology; Chemistry; Marine engineering; Materials science; Oceanography; Geography; Metallurgy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00115758,0.0003405095,0.0004087033,0.0002777724,0.0003777045,0.001687833,0.0005840704,0.0008054724,0.002632278],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007549565,0.000185608,0.0004456698,0.0002111855,0.0005413219,0.00137929,0.0005778003,0.001112164,0.0006069017],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009181717,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001071005,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001422501,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00156666,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995545,0.0000863523,0.00002312584,0.00003732697,0.0002552626,0.00004353057],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994592,0.000152632,0.00006512529,0.00005970359,0.0001989915,0.00006427135],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004508217,0.0007907543,0.00425385,0.001621671,0.000127304,0.000672752,0.0003812892,0.2238346,0.2048035,0.04105196,0.0173267,0.5046849],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00013836,0.003448334,0.002751869,0.0005443369,0.00009484427,0.0006188744,0.000829144,0.5872942,0.1732469,0.0454139,0.1854504,0.000168889],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.327634,0.03047347,0.5740413,0.0219134,0.001064735,0.0004906175,0.0002878066,0.001650788,0.04244392],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.833794,0.02023244,0.1267748,0.0007737849,0.0003486215,0.0001339504,0.0002025925,0.0001617502,0.01757805],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002632278,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.008805871,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04093993633042745,"score_gpt":0.2697135028167382,"score_spread":0.2287735664863107,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}