{"id":"W2062949787","doi":"10.3758/s13423-011-0175-9","title":"Differences between literates and illiterates on symbolic but not nonsymbolic numerical magnitude processing","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","topic":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Enculturation; Numeracy; Numeral system; Literacy; Arabic numerals; Psychology; Levels-of-processing effect; Magnitude (astronomy); Numerical cognition; Arithmetic; Cognitive psychology; Mathematics; Cognition","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004404697,0.0004162486,0.0009254906,0.00007665374,0.0001421729,0.0001128772,0.000284917,0.00008353171,0.001911552],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003754255,0.0003058536,0.0001276473,0.0001466298,0.0001276951,0.00006994657,0.0001092337,0.0002524781,0.001174176],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002882629,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000020464,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009741017,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.656317e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979304,0.0001263408,0.0007637088,0.0005627644,0.0002100875,0.0004067075],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984779,0.0006856058,0.0002467458,0.0002794264,0.00008833323,0.000222042],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002434353,0.002599281,0.02035353,0.02618326,0.0005735046,0.00006552753,0.006530952,7.713043e-9,0.0001974005,0.02391926,0.02991869,0.8894151],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004819609,0.001895615,0.3226587,0.1292227,0.001957584,0.0003689865,0.0006537135,0.0000403594,0.007048834,0.3621731,0.1624239,0.006736864],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9090789,0.04107583,0.0008185386,0.004744426,0.0001950763,0.002191746,0.00006895977,0.0003441871,0.04148236],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9595614,0.01372473,0.02105567,0.004163312,0.0002208302,0.0002319492,0.00001434557,0.00007711387,0.0009506537],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8826783,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999394,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07943567019654169,"score_gpt":0.3165897600847035,"score_spread":0.2371540898881618,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}