{"id":"W2063592555","doi":"10.2202/1565-3404.1023","title":"Criminal Theory in the Twentieth Century","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theoretical Inquiries in Law","topic":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Criminal law; Civil law (Civil law); Law; Culpability; Public law; Comparative law; Political science; Common law; Normative; Punishment (psychology); Presumption; Sociology; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002405294,0.0001027667,0.0001547298,0.0000939583,0.0003537652,0.0001172887,0.0004522327,0.0000946552,0.00172836],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004148054,0.00007344499,0.00008549561,0.0007471234,0.03397521,0.0001558362,0.00005523238,0.0002976113,0.00006193895],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007228495,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004281602,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006700864,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002553144,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978276,0.0009719941,0.0002361001,0.0001954796,0.0003596884,0.0004090729],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987158,0.0009039703,0.00003174898,0.0002479786,0.00004307608,0.0000574232],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008216484,0.00012092,0.000504335,0.000004798459,0.000004613206,0.00004074067,0.06691067,0.000007681663,0.000002967338,0.9234325,0.00006514178,0.008823522],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001057174,0.00003394554,0.00009365527,0.00002004879,0.00007839132,0.000005497252,0.5377977,0.00003636168,0.000007815949,0.4461742,0.01554179,0.0001048845],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7282083,0.0004653732,0.01673867,0.002811118,0.0006804515,0.0002223232,0.000001898868,0.00005442198,0.2508174],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973811,0.0005591102,0.00004793241,0.001597624,0.000254557,0.00002311348,0.000002306204,0.000006749391,0.0001274995],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4772582,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991842,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02771342401952274,"score_gpt":0.3424754771634526,"score_spread":0.3147620531439298,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}