{"id":"W2063893902","doi":"10.1021/es049256l","title":"Toward a Biotic Ligand Model for Freshwater Green Algae:  Surface-Bound and Internal Copper Are Better Predictors of Toxicity than Free Cu<sup>2+</sup>-Ion Activity When pH Is Varied","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Vlaamse regering; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Universiteit Gent; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation","keywords":"Biotic Ligand Model; Copper; Algae; Environmental chemistry; Ligand (biochemistry); Copper toxicity; Chemistry; Toxicity; Ion; Ecology; Biology; Dissolved organic carbon; Biochemistry; Receptor","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005770091,0.0004534905,0.0005165937,0.0002530635,0.0005683623,0.00004104967,0.001267594,0.0005910603,0.001322439],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004465643,0.0004185293,0.0001204127,0.0003299627,0.007302088,0.0008527008,0.00204857,0.0004656878,0.0001387785],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007877508,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002107212,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001141178,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004587102,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966496,0.00005648947,0.0004716879,0.001280313,0.0005356647,0.001006213],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986032,0.00005835697,0.0002991207,0.000779905,0.000003890022,0.0002555497],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001192236,0.000472901,0.3365115,0.00001414576,0.00004184601,0.000006130893,0.001467798,0.004008991,0.6529024,0.00002234413,0.00156894,0.002863808],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001866969,0.0008839649,0.0666819,0.00002602303,0.00008208266,0.00009096158,0.000420902,0.1036763,0.8184606,0.004198137,0.002925631,0.0006865345],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9915926,0.00005998928,0.001283033,0.005420261,0.0001009493,0.0008031814,0.0002868492,0.00008283443,0.0003703305],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9919922,0.00005001696,0.005227095,0.0008953533,0.00005956353,0.00006426871,0.00000770617,0.0000365466,0.001667268],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2698296,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998267,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01199061105176132,"score_gpt":0.2135830463139622,"score_spread":0.2015924352622009,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}