{"id":"W2063893902","doi":"10.1021/es049256l","title":"Toward a Biotic Ligand Model for Freshwater Green Algae:  Surface-Bound and Internal Copper Are Better Predictors of Toxicity than Free Cu<sup>2+</sup>-Ion Activity When pH Is Varied","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Vlaamse regering; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Universiteit Gent; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation","keywords":"Biotic Ligand Model; Copper; Algae; Environmental chemistry; Ligand (biochemistry); Copper toxicity; Chemistry; Toxicity; Ion; Ecology; Biology; Dissolved organic carbon; Biochemistry; Receptor","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001948726,0.0008991555,0.000540079,0.000281361,0.0001705559,0.00047241,0.0007548839,0.0005998822,0.0007698485],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003524714,0.0002064542,0.0003947841,0.0002898581,0.0002620826,0.0003269291,0.0005149439,0.0005107828,0.0004851315],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006201418,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004264858,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00676537,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004236823,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999105,0.00002741469,0.000004309295,0.00002770709,0.00001665297,0.00001347054],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998586,0.00004669499,0.0000319535,0.000005430589,0.00003993482,0.00001734852],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005493115,0.0002953745,0.01754609,0.0006802588,0.0002353227,0.0004512721,0.0001957209,0.6354982,0.3165599,0.007957446,0.0009876232,0.01904364],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002003807,0.0001875295,0.001680588,0.000006432782,0.00003688715,0.00007214265,0.00005291031,0.9822907,0.0136616,0.0010927,0.000882127,0.00001623545],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6735101,0.001439255,0.3200489,0.0004598156,0.00003126066,0.0001129926,0.001157851,0.0006519433,0.00258794],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9545878,0.001156408,0.03836555,0.0001070936,0.00002252035,0.0003274154,0.001022441,0.00004756341,0.004363259],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00676537,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01345199,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01199061105176132,"score_gpt":0.2135830463139622,"score_spread":0.2015924352622009,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}