{"id":"W2065030780","doi":"10.1177/0013164404273942","title":"Understanding Parameter Invariance in Unidimensional IRT Models","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Educational and Psychological Measurement","topic":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":108,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Item response theory; Measurement invariance; Set (abstract data type); Differential item functioning; Psychology; Feature (linguistics); Property (philosophy); Econometrics; Variable (mathematics); Psychometrics; Cognitive psychology; Mathematics; Statistics; Applied mathematics; Computer science; Structural equation modeling; Confirmatory factor analysis; Mathematical analysis; Epistemology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005931179,0.000134477,0.0002187688,0.0002926258,0.0001380047,0.0001140553,0.0002774851,0.00008454702,0.0004513374],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008997417,0.00008952127,0.00005106472,0.0009926866,0.0001119965,0.0001518282,0.00005021436,0.0001773529,0.00002708581],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001409192,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004424219,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004808021,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000213187,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968109,0.0003921403,0.0005797533,0.0005941061,0.001356022,0.000267134],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9924677,0.006867148,0.000148665,0.0002466373,0.0001790899,0.00009078057],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001471939,0.00148447,0.252582,0.000006598603,0.00001662944,0.000007730636,0.0001493387,0.003056847,0.0009778753,0.6835403,0.04488128,0.01314969],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000214267,0.00004435018,0.3816177,0.00001322214,0.000001420456,0.000009310204,0.00007674439,0.0005489948,0.000004917283,0.6166646,0.000720934,0.00008355491],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.799769,0.001693163,0.09876592,0.01985271,0.001874825,0.0003820185,0.000007678052,0.00004056797,0.07761406],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9801323,0.00001552584,0.01876162,0.0006260694,0.0001593335,0.00002558546,0.00000231156,0.000004115774,0.000273141],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1803632,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993502,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.9212118758900417,"score_gpt":0.4959208972683364,"score_spread":0.4252909786217053,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}