{"id":"W2065417422","doi":"10.1080/00273171.2011.540480","title":"A Tutorial and Case Study in Propensity Score Analysis: An Application to Estimating the Effect of In-Hospital Smoking Cessation Counseling on Mortality","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Multivariate Behavioral Research","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":421,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; University of Toronto","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; U.S. Public Health Service; Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care","keywords":"Propensity score matching; Covariate; Medicine; Inverse probability weighting; Observational study; Matching (statistics); Statistics; Internal medicine; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006843336,0.0001506863,0.0003569563,0.0004244487,0.0001368357,0.00004745501,0.0002113471,0.00008689401,0.000003528379],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008383679,0.0001084102,0.00002990818,0.001062818,0.00008308078,0.0002450204,0.000151126,0.0005047229,5.081051e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001890487,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003247305,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03805458,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009327245,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972368,0.001003776,0.0004588662,0.000428029,0.0005897137,0.0002828545],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998486,0.0005390567,0.0001426994,0.0005233588,0.000242203,0.00006671725],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002331233,0.001100667,0.967175,0.00003574015,0.00002447813,0.0001711283,0.02317357,0.0002554865,0.001802423,0.0002598886,2.673197e-7,0.005768243],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001454871,0.005623821,0.9465007,0.0001685695,0.0002674859,0.000006815613,0.004069903,0.02841226,0.008239657,0.004967135,1.105142e-7,0.0002886671],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9893692,0.000001259569,0.007351854,0.000003693949,0.00002982535,0.003186126,0.000004877449,0.00004452715,0.000008693598],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944463,2.407144e-7,0.004876202,7.645751e-7,0.00002559479,0.0006285615,0.000004531065,0.00001695239,8.096209e-7],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02872733,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9683511,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4995694276247035,"score_gpt":0.5544291490721748,"score_spread":0.05485972144747131,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}