{"id":"W2067749037","doi":"10.2167/beb441.0","title":"Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism: How Linguistic Experience Leads to Cognitive Change","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism","topic":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":358,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Neuroscience of multilingualism; Psychology; Cognition; Context (archaeology); Cognitive psychology; Cognitive skill; Multilingualism; Control (management); Developmental psychology; Executive functions; Cognitive decline; Linguistics; Dementia; Computer science; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001109797,0.0003552061,0.0005261623,0.001043666,0.000120846,0.0001140572,0.0006176531,0.0002048163,0.00003388751],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02780295,0.0003041886,0.0002111547,0.0005161671,0.0004840884,0.0003071672,0.0001738107,0.0005040392,0.000008265555],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007617263,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006470084,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006721472,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003242571,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996873,0.0002477363,0.001008854,0.0005935776,0.000850783,0.0004260383],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9925986,0.003508067,0.001011554,0.0001870102,0.002316026,0.0003787268],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001218569,0.001740897,0.004047567,0.0001723708,0.0001058365,0.002675373,0.1772574,0.000001152069,0.632119,0.001187309,0.0000516756,0.1794229],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001606763,0.001178335,0.001507463,0.001204971,0.0001146992,0.003319243,0.0156074,0.000006214565,0.9728382,0.000759905,0.001398368,0.0004584462],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9898447,0.001109073,0.0004397727,0.0006610441,0.007028298,0.0005364947,0.00003349457,0.00003771461,0.000309443],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9904512,0.0001786005,0.000836186,0.005349485,0.002863859,0.00001170486,0.00001019702,0.00003694236,0.000261883],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3407192,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999411,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04289191770231535,"score_gpt":0.3902062153850314,"score_spread":0.347314297682716,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}