{"id":"W2068907754","doi":"10.1007/s10441-007-9025-6","title":"Popper, Laws, and the Exclusion of Biology from Genuine Science","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Biotheoretica","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Philosophy of biology; Epistemology; Philosophy of science; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008942243,0.0000670286,0.0001150806,0.00007400793,0.0005255587,0.00003595892,0.0003360638,0.00002531263,0.0005793169],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008976411,0.0000388642,0.00002667528,0.00005363231,0.01820572,0.0001095045,0.0001095928,0.00006579478,0.000008690688],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001207678,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002511972,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002351314,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007818799,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993625,0.00002192444,0.0001404289,0.00017593,0.0001309056,0.0001683635],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994296,0.0002056473,0.00006638389,0.0001936874,0.00005476243,0.00004986616],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006196075,0.00001830535,0.00002371445,0.000001962746,0.000002714881,3.792489e-7,0.009203228,7.141518e-9,0.02425253,0.964471,0.00008331264,0.001880885],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009551043,0.0001983818,0.0007078248,0.00002833906,0.00002301153,0.000002944587,0.001345043,0.0000627277,0.008132155,0.8033999,0.1849695,0.0001750399],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7174592,0.001010643,0.00007188212,0.004150844,0.0005061759,0.0001156332,0.00003889534,0.00002918258,0.2766175],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989241,0.00006307349,0.0001527803,0.0004913565,0.0002051022,6.659308e-7,0.000001461126,0.000003456259,0.0001580338],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2814648,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9844661,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01519634372490746,"score_gpt":0.2346295306244386,"score_spread":0.2194331868995311,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}