{"id":"W2069389786","doi":"10.1177/09544070jauto1593","title":"Numerical study on the combustion and emission characteristics in a direct-injection diesel engine with preheated biodiesel fuel","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Biodiesel; Diesel fuel; Fuel injection; Combustion; Soot; Materials science; Diesel engine; Brake specific fuel consumption; Internal combustion engine; Environmental science; Waste management; Automotive engineering; Chemistry; Engineering; Organic chemistry; Catalysis","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005796721,0.000298273,0.0005521789,0.0003344438,0.00005037312,0.00001154654,0.0004114799,0.0001498641,0.000007618862],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001269587,0.0001847342,0.0001078172,0.0008124535,0.00009369372,0.0002755379,0.00009588744,0.000805838,4.047754e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000139956,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003046179,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006470692,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.789406e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982074,0.00001235198,0.0008525298,0.00020774,0.0004569302,0.0002630646],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987808,0.0001669343,0.0004814965,0.0001760243,0.0003107887,0.00008399041],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001260637,0.001809496,0.003731604,0.0009112111,0.0006098032,0.00002076907,0.002768114,0.826892,0.1422284,0.0175581,0.00007398654,0.002135873],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003065227,0.003826551,0.008552555,0.003212097,0.0002990969,0.0002018482,0.002372083,0.5098802,0.467486,0.0002535368,0.0001608731,0.0006898795],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9674281,0.00009361124,0.03112155,0.0001049875,0.0003823563,0.0005526788,0.00000611417,0.0001832121,0.0001273217],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980018,0.00004514141,0.00183375,0.000004344664,0.00004444,0.00002987473,5.353078e-7,0.00003091131,0.000009225221],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3252576,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.753324,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01678502056667903,"score_gpt":0.2129098637150289,"score_spread":0.1961248431483499,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}