{"id":"W2073820054","doi":"10.1119/1.4872409","title":"Why Was Kelvin's Estimate of the Earth's Age Wrong?","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Physics Teacher","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Mount Royal University","funders":"","keywords":"Earth (classical element); Work (physics); Function (biology); Exponential function; Physics; Philosophy; Theoretical physics; Mathematical economics; Mathematics; Thermodynamics; Mathematical physics; Mathematical analysis","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001458737,0.0001455196,0.0001786492,0.000005461999,0.0001464331,0.00002172608,0.0003755672,0.00002194118,0.0001473811],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000133227,0.00008182712,0.0001208136,0.00009873336,0.0001245708,0.00004421705,0.0001364275,0.000241028,0.00002490283],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007171786,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001210427,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008678272,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005162124,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992158,0.00009795918,0.0001523861,0.0001500767,0.000164016,0.0002197875],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991508,0.0001158267,0.0001181176,0.0005413427,0.0000346772,0.00003924009],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005386257,0.00008639321,0.0002529905,0.000005244581,0.00003883638,1.154881e-7,0.0002170902,0.0008241883,0.002816966,0.9631245,0.0002368412,0.03239144],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002223139,0.00002698573,0.0009477877,0.00001853171,0.00004729869,1.520432e-7,0.00006200413,0.08266691,0.002894529,0.9089553,0.004009817,0.0001484107],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1004695,0.000009378243,0.863149,0.0004773302,0.00020051,0.0002148584,0.00005104559,0.00002653653,0.0354019],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974673,3.572938e-7,0.001380048,0.0001538239,0.0002297616,0.00001218274,0.000007836079,0.00002814896,0.0007205349],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8969978,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3336813,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009033868900659377,"score_gpt":0.248794523640714,"score_spread":0.2397606547400546,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}