{"id":"W2074242159","doi":"10.2118/146842-ms","title":"Discrete Modeling of Natural and Hydraulic Fractures in Shale-Gas Reservoirs","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","topic":"Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Petro-Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Petroleum engineering; Hydraulic fracturing; Geology; Oil shale; Channelized; Permeability (electromagnetism); Reservoir simulation; Workflow; Fracture (geology); Unconventional oil; Natural gas; Tight gas; Drawdown (hydrology); Cabin pressurization; Geotechnical engineering; Computer science; Groundwater; Aquifer; Engineering; Mechanical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002448852,0.0003183387,0.0004383194,0.0003666133,0.0003987415,0.0007506727,0.0008887174,0.001059053,0.001206455],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007158711,0.0003279286,0.000510516,0.0002997149,0.0007589647,0.0004052913,0.0005567566,0.0004776726,0.00009325747],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001111765,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000811741,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01838607,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01107359,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998692,0.00003800855,0.00000834119,0.00002505924,0.00003511625,0.00002414902],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999688,0.0001638966,0.00005200581,0.00002310944,0.00003754375,0.00003546897],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000939952,0.00001012121,0.0005019717,0.000005554455,0.000003202255,0.00002465587,0.00001016869,0.9970975,0.0006056725,0.001074624,0.00002355616,0.0006337144],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001336889,0.000002968311,0.00005364523,6.401455e-7,5.30893e-7,0.000001839849,0.000002987907,0.9996554,0.00009220494,0.0001523702,0.00003518707,8.606822e-7],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.681475,0.0002442433,0.3083733,0.0002917016,0.00004829344,0.0000679701,0.0004527387,0.0004274873,0.008619296],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9847857,0.00004975866,0.01355622,0.00001368956,0.00000438709,0.00003803275,0.00006060663,0.00001424551,0.001477293],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01838607,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03655809,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01923344886523954,"score_gpt":0.2461222603398521,"score_spread":0.2268888114746126,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}