{"id":"W2075109327","doi":"10.1016/s0011-9164(01)00114-x","title":"Progress in membrane science and technology for seawater desalination — a review","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Desalination","topic":"Membrane Separation Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":254,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Membrane; Desalination; Reverse osmosis; Nanofiltration; Fouling; Membrane technology; Membrane fouling; Nanotechnology; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00100451,0.001296625,0.002353986,0.00293168,0.0004186404,0.001338365,0.001398282,0.001147649,0.003013718],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001236754,0.0003503337,0.0006020583,0.004968944,0.0004499506,0.002003341,0.0007155993,0.001236498,0.002483872],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007332825,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001814485,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001796179,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003367214,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996657,0.00003236167,0.00005677646,0.00006469707,0.0001575808,0.00002291632],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992268,0.0003107701,0.00011206,0.00002159401,0.0002755687,0.00005323235],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009788984,0.000083355,0.0002012939,0.01779326,0.00009853207,0.0001628762,0.00004933753,0.000354511,0.005135392,0.001092582,0.01778335,0.9571476],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003164146,0.0001730768,0.00123129,0.003090957,0.0002790391,0.001014797,0.00008945184,0.0001345457,0.002554203,0.00107062,0.9902911,0.00003929477],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000241357,0.9981772,0.0003907247,0.000160535,0.0002663715,0.000008630962,0.00003139334,0.00001213661,0.0007117069],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0006219249,0.9980044,0.0005854257,0.0001181915,0.000183141,0.000007637714,0.00004589705,0.000001637289,0.0004317809],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003013718,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01008195,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03901719465238183,"score_gpt":0.3567208953448394,"score_spread":0.3177037006924576,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}