{"id":"W2075681828","doi":"10.1002/cjce.20590","title":"Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and removal of total chromium from wastewater using scrap iron in the form of zerovalent iron(ZVI): Batch and column studies","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Environmental remediation with nanomaterials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Zerovalent iron; Chromium; Chemistry; Passivation; Scrap; Hexavalent chromium; Iron oxide; Wastewater; Oxide; Inorganic chemistry; Metallurgy; Nuclear chemistry; Layer (electronics); Adsorption; Materials science; Environmental engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004408791,0.0003071551,0.0006707646,0.0002409285,0.0003141926,0.0005106664,0.0005158937,0.0006247819,0.000619157],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003445467,0.0002392487,0.000559959,0.0002771518,0.0002728041,0.0002428139,0.0002352116,0.0005234972,0.0003704226],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003844779,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003005886,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006811575,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009546374,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996231,0.00006689131,0.00003296456,0.00008011371,0.000137303,0.00005963945],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999761,0.00007440611,0.00003020982,0.00002689711,0.00008107166,0.00002643833],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002027785,0.0001397855,0.0004179631,0.000125967,0.00001445078,0.00005969198,0.00007836567,0.0002782321,0.9968634,0.00002717349,0.00003813352,0.001754093],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001461389,0.001337244,0.003089507,0.000007250722,0.00002995921,0.00009060954,0.0001001238,0.001211032,0.9933668,0.00002377749,0.0007146529,0.00001451813],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9980751,0.0003083883,0.0009134889,0.00002765075,0.00001172127,0.0000307503,0.0001129729,0.00001531006,0.0005046016],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9941877,0.0005164047,0.002899861,0.00003657914,0.000008324594,0.00002976008,0.0001852631,0.00001377256,0.002122376],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006811575,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0135439,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01770127321103275,"score_gpt":0.1976038793092768,"score_spread":0.1799026060982441,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}