{"id":"W2077002469","doi":"10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.02568.x","title":"Historical Trends in Questioning Presidents, 1953‐2000","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Presidential Studies Quarterly","topic":"Rhetoric and Communication Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":242,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Heritage College","funders":"","keywords":"Presidency; Deference; Presidential system; Assertiveness; Context (archaeology); Political science; Adversarial system; White (mutation); Politics; Law; Social psychology; Psychology; History","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000219041,0.0002231927,0.0004021912,0.0002624711,0.0006335393,0.0001799742,0.0002966285,0.00004304804,0.0003899664],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000203352,0.0002069213,0.000125602,0.0001215585,0.0001964087,0.0003914661,0.0000837788,0.0001746016,0.00008519412],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005131215,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002046488,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02105509,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03020124,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998255,0.0001420174,0.0006233361,0.0003062311,0.0003304835,0.0003429887],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991949,0.000124626,0.0001710718,0.000320539,0.0001540779,0.00003475781],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001166916,0.0005745937,0.01770184,0.00007353896,0.0003909949,0.00004550009,0.2514707,0.00005559835,0.00003326186,0.241287,0.4364246,0.05182564],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001630245,0.0004664376,0.09989277,0.0001557466,0.0001644333,0.000006290149,0.02790612,0.00004540736,0.00002091224,0.03625736,0.8325647,0.0008895946],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.417416,0.1848037,0.000328241,0.008273132,0.007191564,0.0006752269,0.0000161535,0.0009828439,0.3803131],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9230592,0.0002085663,0.00006064418,0.00004096856,0.001138593,0.000118786,0.000007319832,0.00001940413,0.07534655],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5056432,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9874951,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04610514520876348,"score_gpt":0.2807071089102456,"score_spread":0.2346019637014821,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}