{"id":"W2080718787","doi":"10.5539/elt.v1n2p114","title":"Discourse Markers in Composition Writings: The Case of Iranian Learners of English as a Foreign Language","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"English Language Teaching","topic":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Discourse marker; Composition (language); Linguistics; Psychology; Discourse analysis; Graduate students; English as a foreign language; Contrastive analysis; Pedagogy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001008204,0.0002494697,0.0004702088,0.0002718777,0.0003936248,0.00005929434,0.0003217148,0.00005457162,0.000583754],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001295552,0.0001873249,0.0002364183,0.0001159052,0.0007717732,0.0003913062,0.0001173486,0.0005478746,0.000004187388],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000049415,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003097226,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008107188,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004546605,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981424,0.00038113,0.0005524573,0.0002848693,0.0002947418,0.0003444232],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986807,0.0003687811,0.0003134456,0.0004565893,0.000130043,0.00005040801],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004092996,0.0001634703,0.0006484949,0.00006877472,0.0001564856,0.001468744,0.9599944,0.00007790523,0.0001570118,0.03322581,0.0003194508,0.003678552],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005947117,0.0000765265,0.00003708496,0.000186702,0.0001191968,0.00005134957,0.9978209,0.000101381,0.0003946539,0.00003828356,0.0003600245,0.0002191674],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7692053,0.001024581,0.000009144052,0.00002734504,0.0001745731,0.0001946773,0.00004964962,0.00007369019,0.229241],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979266,0.00001924094,0.0001545129,0.00009381049,0.0009621011,0.0000204203,0.00004360691,0.00004047082,0.0007392498],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2287212,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9984979,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01223911395342403,"score_gpt":0.2668565500292851,"score_spread":0.2546174360758611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}