{"id":"W2082397665","doi":"10.1353/cml.2006.0048","title":"Comparing Phonological and Orthographic Vocabulary Size: Do Vocabulary Tests Underestimate the Knowledge of Some Learners","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes","topic":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","field":"Psychology","cited_by":105,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Vocabulary; Linguistics; Orthographic projection; Natural language processing; Computer science; Psychology; Cognitive psychology; Artificial intelligence; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007263489,0.0003735552,0.0006912529,0.0002829045,0.0002637538,0.00006776556,0.0004524709,0.0001955509,0.001798173],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004334408,0.000298874,0.0001903219,0.0004693777,0.0005801654,0.0001201538,0.00006753832,0.0004922924,0.0000454483],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001381312,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001086788,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1084377,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2055351,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974435,0.0005154655,0.0005289647,0.0005586941,0.00007396027,0.0008794447],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978551,0.000653486,0.0002204428,0.0006979164,0.00008877595,0.0004843232],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002323345,0.0007623342,0.1945552,0.01694918,0.002185488,0.02514062,0.2124412,0.0005411329,0.02924724,0.1009161,0.0191654,0.3978638],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001874352,0.0002780103,0.91408,0.006869784,0.0007063904,0.004968339,0.02759341,0.001718796,0.00005893668,0.002623111,0.03735109,0.001877832],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6243599,0.3697351,0.0000304508,0.000276072,0.0001025322,0.0002966902,0.0000546607,0.00006345516,0.005081126],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994507,0.001968581,0.0001977091,0.001934452,0.0002211752,0.00005233251,0.0001256803,0.00006692263,0.0009261716],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7195248,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999464,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01923326185539021,"score_gpt":0.2701535085945204,"score_spread":0.2509202467391302,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}