{"id":"W2082965229","doi":"10.1088/0143-0807/25/6/009","title":"A Newtonian pre-introduction to gravitational lenses","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"European Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Nautical Research Society","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; General relativity; Gravitational field; Classical mechanics; Gravitational lens; Deflection (physics); Gravitation; Opacity; Observer (physics); Two-body problem in general relativity; Newtonian fluid; Theory of relativity; Galaxy; Astrophysics; Optics; Numerical relativity; Quantum mechanics; Introduction to the mathematics of general relativity","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000639192,0.0008848883,0.0003953066,0.0008988822,0.001386123,0.001744493,0.0008925675,0.002287301,0.009467697],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001446167,0.0003620442,0.0005505974,0.0007449083,0.0050042,0.003767999,0.001381676,0.003597761,0.003169911],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001345636,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005033949,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001675704,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001211395,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995311,0.0001158351,0.00002804541,0.0001452618,0.0001420119,0.00003770915],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992971,0.0003329837,0.00007759899,0.00007243638,0.0001661333,0.00005367595],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001527056,0.00001623693,0.0002698719,0.000173599,0.000008380945,0.0001392322,0.0002304646,0.0003830822,0.0004859203,0.9670843,0.01566171,0.01553182],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009709301,0.00007086659,0.0009252328,0.0001580371,0.0000176261,0.0006078227,0.0000609501,0.001434498,0.0006637758,0.6526558,0.3433591,0.00003667562],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02134797,0.1045551,0.2383989,0.05588582,0.02387561,0.0001413193,0.001012897,0.0007712574,0.5540111],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5230606,0.06769835,0.1133164,0.02477475,0.04833587,0.0003473949,0.0005948372,0.0003582298,0.2215135],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.009467697,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0316726,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007624199143602053,"score_gpt":0.2419525430975566,"score_spread":0.2343283439539546,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}