{"id":"W2084284149","doi":"10.1023/b:jota.0000043989.95285.51","title":"Dynamic Model of R&amp;D, Spillovers, and Efficiency of Bertrand and Cournot Equilibria","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications","topic":"Merger and Competition Analysis","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Group for Research in Decision Analysis; HEC Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Cournot competition; Bertrand competition; Duopoly; Economics; Differential game; Mathematical economics; Stackelberg competition; Bertrand paradox (economics); Productivity; Competition (biology); Theory of computation; Investment (military); Mathematics; Mathematical optimization; Oligopoly","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004351715,0.00005607599,0.0002227619,0.0001686463,0.00005152844,0.00001421087,0.00005526938,0.00003318093,0.00007062905],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002909185,0.00005609107,0.00004581273,0.0001489685,0.0001036755,0.0001209942,0.00001439867,0.00004736976,5.991025e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009169039,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001606147,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002322185,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.96858e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993419,0.00001133449,0.0004759226,0.00009105548,0.00002973308,0.00005007797],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992576,0.00004433792,0.0004922597,0.00008698722,0.00006937464,0.00004941087],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003326309,0.00008749594,0.0005173665,0.00003038101,0.00004206481,5.543238e-8,0.0002487224,0.3357472,0.0005709685,0.6624542,0.000003341777,0.0002650329],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002261672,0.0001385858,0.001022318,0.00006424774,0.000142649,0.00003519748,0.0003375363,0.3690833,0.0003264001,0.6258662,0.0004850612,0.0002367658],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.158883,0.001703215,0.83808,0.0001789508,0.000009953923,0.00006037739,0.00003505058,0.000001914385,0.001047612],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9829592,0.002798491,0.01409807,0.00003251539,0.000007646777,0.000002378063,0.000004548825,0.000004987973,0.00009213399],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8240763,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2287328,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01286507358390533,"score_gpt":0.2254042925420402,"score_spread":0.2125392189581349,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}