{"id":"W2087380491","doi":"10.2118/117648-ms","title":"Improved Heavy Oil Recovery by Low Rate Waterflooding","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Laricina Energy (Canada); University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Petroleum engineering; Imbibition; Water injection (oil production); Relative permeability; Steam injection; Permeability (electromagnetism); Environmental science; Capillary pressure; Petroleum; Geology; Porous medium; Porosity; Geotechnical engineering; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001885298,0.0003929233,0.0004984679,0.0002859674,0.0002261095,0.0004450547,0.000399025,0.0003439575,0.001507396],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004157428,0.0001560225,0.0003118775,0.0002597225,0.0002787431,0.0004593823,0.0003648754,0.0003910821,0.0004299032],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003622893,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001995548,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003006399,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004680496,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998073,0.00001556864,0.000013412,0.00003589676,0.00007240178,0.00005542847],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999797,0.00005241576,0.00004732349,0.00002335796,0.0000618966,0.0000179993],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008977704,0.00002056639,0.0002788638,0.00003914371,0.000003494792,0.00003787486,0.00002142376,0.0003322615,0.996507,0.00001593734,0.00002291168,0.002630763],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003480424,0.00009673033,0.0005599863,0.000001541642,0.000003138286,0.00001464213,0.0000124802,0.0008186822,0.9981737,0.00000348674,0.0003080088,0.000004246712],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9968321,0.0001123394,0.00241094,0.00001665012,0.000008929175,0.00001404758,0.00009040278,0.00009369121,0.0004210004],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9945561,0.0001370805,0.003544156,0.00001251019,0.000002667767,0.00001226033,0.0001254762,0.00005545524,0.001554232],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003006399,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005977809,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007868417629268966,"score_gpt":0.2190848755182041,"score_spread":0.2112164578889351,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}