{"id":"W2088504776","doi":"10.1037/a0011381","title":"Cooperation in social dilemmas: Free riding may be thwarted by second-order reward rather than by punishment.","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","topic":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":149,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Sanctions; Punishment (psychology); Order (exchange); Free rider problem; Action (physics); Psychology; Collective action; Social dilemma; Social psychology; Free riding; Law and economics; Microeconomics; Economics; Public good; Political science; Law; Incentive","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001812311,0.0001258487,0.0002914993,0.00007082954,0.001377784,0.0000451523,0.0002075637,0.0002997053,0.0009100539],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001137939,0.0001269054,0.00009265161,0.0002576048,0.000666617,0.0004889923,0.00002021643,0.0004169114,0.000003529638],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001238757,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001893666,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002309291,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001481044,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975605,0.001226603,0.0004171084,0.0001886919,0.0003293682,0.0002777566],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999301,0.00009577197,0.0002543709,0.00005713544,0.0002171948,0.00007452477],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009352142,0.0009004418,0.02002018,0.00002112345,0.0001673583,0.00003365678,0.2292978,0.000002660684,0.01318953,0.07159993,0.662268,0.001564156],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008921377,0.0008319375,0.09397778,0.0000393247,0.0000977841,0.0001345476,0.04531372,0.00002469734,0.0002415799,0.02423209,0.8252373,0.0009478375],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9578519,0.0003720245,0.0002532343,0.03372746,0.0003089201,0.0001154413,0.00005749648,0.0000136736,0.00729985],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9941678,0.0002474284,0.00005521746,0.002590946,0.0008780769,0.000004636928,0.00002363807,0.000009343624,0.002022911],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1839841,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999223,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05324933042098129,"score_gpt":0.3493442763146212,"score_spread":0.2960949458936399,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}